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Table 2: Typical automotive radar characteristics in the frequency band 76-81 GHz, according to ITU Recommendation ITU-R M.2057-0 Radar type (ITU classification)īlind spot detection, lane-change assist and There, 1GHz bandwidth is reserved for LRR (76 to 77GHz), while 4 GHz bandwidth are available for applications requiring better resolution, as summarized in Table 2.

As an alternative, the frequency band from 76 GHz to 81 GHz has been accepted by most countries as the frequency band for automotive radars.

However, the 24GHz bands are to be discontinued, due to interference with radio astronomy and earth exploration applications. Long Range Radar (LRR), which does not require high resolution or wide field of view, but aims to the highest possible range, up to 250m.įigure 7: Frequency bands for automotive radar.Mid-Range Radar (MRR), with medium field of view and range up to 100 m,.Short Range Radar (SRR), with a large field of view and high resolution and a range up to 50 m.The types of radar can also be classified depending on the measurement range (Figure 5): The purpose of these systems is improving traffic safety by increasing the passive and active safety of a vehicle. The range is lower than Category 1, with a maximum of 50m to 100m, depending on the application. Category 2: It defines sensors for high resolution applications, which add to the passive and active safety of a vehicle, as for example blind spot detection, lane-change assist and rear-traffic-crossing-alert, detection of pedestrians and bicycles near a vehicle.This category comprises adaptive cruise control (ACC) and collision avoidance (CA) radar, for measurement ranges up to 250 metres. Category 1: It includes radar systems which provide comfort functions for the driver, enabling more stress-free driving.The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defines two categories of automotive radar systems, depending of their function: Limited by weather conditions (fog, snow)įigure 4: Combinations for different radar applications. High accuracy (range, resolution & position) Operation in all weather & light conditions Table 1: Pros and cons of different sensor technologies for automotive applications

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Each technology has its pros and cons, as listed in Table 1 below, so that full autonomous driving with require the combination of different sources, as shown in Figure 2. The full system can be seen as the “senses” of a car, providing the means to interact with the surroundings and creating a safety “cocoon”. Yet, for fully autonomous driving a combination of different sensing technologies will be required, to be able to provide full 360° detection. Automotive sensors for ADAS/ASĭifferent options are available for sensing the environment around a vehicle. This has forced the industry to increase their efforts and include new detection features in their vehicles. For this reason, the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) includes since 2020 emergency braking systems in their evaluations. In this sense, the European Parliament approved in 2019 a law making safety features such as intelligent speed assistance, advanced emergency-braking system and lane-keeping systems compulsory for all new vehicles as from May 2022 for new models and as from May 2024 for existing models.Īlso, safety measures have become increasingly important when buying a car. The use of advanced sensor technologies will allow preventing accidents through warning signals and automated safety functions, and thus reaching the Vision 0 objectives: 0 deaths in traffic accidents by 2050. Figure 1: Sensors, navigation and communications: The “senses” of a car.Īutomotive sensors are key to improve road traffic safety and reach levels 4 and 5 of autonomous driving.

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